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HAY, 1894. 



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Entered ui the New York Fott O/Jice, N. K., ai Second Citus Matter, 



[ROWING QOODS. 



Our Illustrated Catalogue contains a full list of 

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"^77 





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COMPLETE MANUAL, WITH ILLUSTRATIONS AND 
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INTRODUCTIOI^. 

Tried by such tests, rowing stands exceptionally high, particu- 
larly when we consider it under the aspect of its use in racing ; 
for where success has to be striven for in vigorous and excited 
competition, not only are strength and endurance needed, but 
also plenty of that high moral quality known as •' pluck," and at 
correct and delicate appreciation of the best time and method of 
applying, utilizing to their utmost, and.perfectly controlling the 
forces employed. Modern improvements in racing boats have 
reduced the rowing of the present day to a finer art than ever, 
rendering it less than formerly the rude conflict of force it was 
in the early days of racing boats, when such contests were com- 
monly mere exhibitions of uncultivated powers, propelling heavy 
bulks by main strength. 

The standard of rowing is maintained by the universities and 
colleges of Yale, Harvard, Pennsylvania and Cornell ; by the 
preparatory schools — St. Paul's in particular — and by the princi- 
pal rowing and athletic clubs — New York A.C., Atlanta, Nas- 
sau, Dauntless, and many others too numerous to mention. Of 
course, club matches — in which the generic term may be 
included college and other races at the universities — tend to 
uphold it. That it should fluctuate from time to time is a 
necessity, and that in occasional years it is of an exceptionally 
good class is only natural, as likewise that in others, it falls to a 
comparatively low pitch. Speed has increased — of that there is 
no doubt. The science of "coaching " is more fully known and 
more readily comprehended than in days gone by ; and, when 
divested of the humbug and bewildering technicalities with 
which it had been needlessly surrounded, is found a far simpler 
task than it was believed to be. The art of " training " has 
been rescued from the depths of empiricism, in which it was too 
long suffered to dwell, and in which the ignorant prejudices of 
illiterate professionals, who at one time usurped the coaching of 
amateurs, purposely kept it. At the present time it is conducted 
on the principles of common sense and hygiene, and so far from 
lieing involved in mystery, is now nothing more or less than an 
adhesion to a few simple rules of bathing, diet, exercise and rest. 



ROWING. 



HOW TO USE AN OAR AND SCULLS. 

Rowing is the art of propelling a boat through the M^ater by 
means of oars or sculls, the person operating sitting with his 
face toward the stern and his back to the bow or front of the 
boat. It consists in reaching forward with the oar in the air, 
then dipping the oar into the water and throwing the body 
straight backwards, thus dashing the oar through the water, 
and finally, pulling the handle home with the arms to the chest 
by means of the resisting power of stretcher and sliding seat ; 
the oar being the lever, the water the fulcrum, the boat or 
oarlock the weight to be moved, and the weight and strength 
of the oarsman the power. Rowing with the sculls is the same, 
except that instead of using one implement or oar with both 
hands, two implements called sculls, one in each hand, are 
substituted ; the latter feat can be performed by one individual 
alone, but when oars are used, two men are necessary, and they 
are often accompanied by an aid-de-camp in the person of a 
coxswain. The action is two-fold, as it is made up of two 
portions, viz., the stroke and the feather. The stroke is the 
•pulling of the oar through the water with the blade — to which 
the water offers a resistance in its passage — at right angles to 
the fluid traversed. Feathering is, strictly speaking, the turning 
of the oar at the conclusion of the stroke, by dropping the hands 
and turning down the wrists, and thereby bringing the blade 
into a plane with the surface of the water ; but the term is also 
commonly used as including the carriage back of the oar, in the 
same position or plane, to recommence another stroke, as the 
oar is then said to be on the feather. 

The art of rowing is an imitative one, and although some 



6 feoWli^d, 

persons appear to have an intuitive knowledge of it and &t6 
unusually apt pupils, yet others never can and never v^'ill row 
properly, no matter how persistently they may work. To excel 
requires a long and willing apprenticeship, commenced at an 
early age ; for of all sports, there is, perhaps, none that is 
slower in being picked up, and certainly none that is so mani- 
festly devoid of a short or a royal road to a knowledge of it. 
To a casual looker-on it may seem a simple matter to jump 
into a boat and row her away as cleverly as is daily done by 
scores of men ; but such is far from being the case in practice, 
and no idea is more deceptive than that the grace and style of 
an accomplished oarsman or sculler are easily copied. And 
perhaps the most fatal step to take is to begin to row in very 
light boats, for nothing is more certain to lead to disappoint- 
ment, or more prejudicial to the acquisition of good style. To 
this evil practice may be attributed a great deal of the faulty 
and ineffective rowing which may be witnessed on any river 
M'here boat clubs are located. It is short and scratchy and is 
characterized by a marked absence of length and by utter want 
of power, because of an improper application of strength — the 
exact reverse of rowing as it should be. 

The laws of rowing are ascertainable and definite ; we 
acknowledge but one standard and form the learner upon one 
ideal. A perfect oarsman is clearly and ineffaceably impressed 
upon our mental vision, and he is instantaneously singled out by 
our powers of perception from his fellow laborers. His action 
and his form are definite, and though they cannot be so easily 
put down on paper as to be transparent to the uninitiated, yet 
they are as clearly appreciated by the experienced observer as 
the sun at noonday. Indeed, the mere way in which a man sits 
in a boat is a test of his rowing capabilities, because as a rule 
no good oar sits badly, and no bad oar sits well. How to sit 
and how to hold an oar jDroperly are the first principles in 
rowing. 

Not very long ago an impression prevailed that there were 
several kinds of perfect rowing, each of them indigenous to 



ROWING. 7 

certain headquarters of the sport, but this fallacy exists no 
more, for it is well known and acknowledged that there should 
be but one text for all, and that upon one model only every 
oarsman ought to be formed. The characteristics of this model 
are a firm, clean entrance of the oar into the water ; a powerful, 
steady and horizontal stroke ; a feather quick, low, yet suffi- 
ciently high to clear the water, in whichever state it be, and 
concise both at the beginning and the finish. How to acquire 
them will be explained. 

An oarsman about to row, having taken his oar in hand, 
should proceed to embark. This he should do by laying the 
blade of his oar in the water, if on the outside, or on the float if 
on the shore-side oar, and then stepping into the boat with his 
face to the stern, putting one foot on the keelson, lengthwise — 
not athwart it, for fear of forcing his toe or heel through the 
boat — and stooping, should let himself down gently on the seat 
by placing a hand on each gunwale. He should next ship his 
oar. placing the handle in the rowlock outside. He should sit 
square and exactly opposite the handle of his oar, not askew. 
The body should be erect, with the shoulders slightly thrown 
back and the elbows close to the flanks. 

The oar should be held firmly yet lightly in both hands 
(See Figures i and 2), the outside one close to the end of 
the handle — but not at the end, capping it — with the fingers 
above and the thumb underneath it, although some men 
prefer the thumb of the outside hand in the same posi- 
tion as the fingers — and the inside hand, or that next 
the loom or body of the oar, from one and one-half 
to two inches, though not more than two and one-half 
inches away from, but grasping the oar more convexly than, its 
fellows — the thumb underneath ; bearing in mind always that 
the mechanical power of the outside hand is the greater in the 
bare pulling, and that the inside hand mainly guides and manipu- 
lates the oar. If the inside hand is held too low, a good deal 
of force is lost, the arm is bent, the shoulders are not squared, 
and the beginning of the stroke is ^veaken^cj. The forearms 



ROWING. 




FIG. I. HOLDING OAR (WRONG). 




Fig. 2. HOLDING OAR (RIGHT). 



ROWING. ^ 

should be bolow the level of the handle, and the wrists dropped 
and relaxed, the oar being now quiescent, at right angles to the 
keel of the boat, and feathered. The diverse positions of the 
two hands and wrists enable the oar to be wielded with greater 
facility than if alike, and permit of l)oth arms being stretched 
out perfectly straight — not crooked or bent — when getting 
forward. 

In rowing the stroke, the body should be inclined forwards, 
with the backbone perfectly straight, the stomach being kept 
well out and down between the legs, the chest forward and 
raised as much as possible ; in fact, the position of the trunk 
will be like that of a soldier at drill, excepting that in rowing, 
the great secret is to keep the stomach out, whereas in drilling 
.'t must be kept in. 

The shoulders should not be allowed to come too far forward 
(See Figure 3); neither should one be advanced before the 
other, nor should one be higher than its fellow. The arms 
should play freely in the shoulder joint, as stiffness here and 
at the hips is a real hinderance to the best form. They should 
be perfectly straight from the shoulders to the wrists, and 
they should be treated in the first part of the stroke as mere 
connecting-rods between the body and the oar (See Figure 
4). If they are crooked, immediately the weight and strength 
are thrown on the handle of the oar, and thus the first 
part of the stroke is lost. The inside wrist, however, must be 
somewhat raised and the outside one bent slightly round in 
order that the knuckles may be parallel to the oar, as the oar 
must be firmly grasped with both hands, otherwise the beginning 
of the stroke will be weak. But it must be kept nearly flat, 
though pressed down the least bit in the world ; in other words 
it must show only the natural hollow. The hands should hold 
the oar firmly, not with the tips as usual, but with the whole of 
the fingers well round the oar, and each separate finger — not 
merely the first two — must feel the oar distinctly. The knuckles 
of the thumb must not be more than one and one-half or two 
inches apart at most, for if kept too far off one another, the in- 



10 



iiowiNG. 




Fig. 3. SHOULDERS BRACED (WRONG). 




Fig. 4. SHOULDERS BRACED (RIGHT), 



ROWTXG. II 

side arm is sure to get bent and the inside shoulder thrown back. 
The head must be held up. the eyes looking in a direct line 
astern, and the feet must be firmly planted against the stretcher. 
In reaching forward the hands should be shot out straight from 
the body without the least pause, a peculiar way of doing this, 
but impossible to describe, though easily discernible, being the 
mark of first-class oarsmen. Almost as soon as the oar has 
passed the knees, the wrist should be raised to bring the blade 
at right angles to the water preparatory to dipping it, the fact 
of delaying this motion often resulting in not putting the oar in 
square. The body of the oarsman and the sliding seat are then 
drawn forward concurrently by the aid of the stretcher boots in 
readiness for taking the stroke. Care must, however, be taken 
not to lower the hands too much, as this practice leads to chop- 
ping and cutting the stroke. 

Men differ slightly in their length of reach, but every one 
ought to be able to get the handle of his oar over his stretcher, 
and when there, he should raise his hands straight up at once, as 
if not raised at once, the result is a hang, and if not straight the 
stroke is cut. The oar should then be instantaneously covered 
up to the shoulder, but no further, and immediately it is in this 
position the stroke should commence. The rower should "knit 
himself up," as the Iri^h call it, he should then spring like a 
bow when the string is loosed, and bring the muscles of his 
back and legs into play, as far as possible raising his weight off 
his seat, thus using his whole strength and weight at once and 
together. The motions at the end of the feather and at the 
beginning of the stroke are, however, so simultaneous and take 
place so rapidly that it is very difficult to analyze them. It is 
in this part of the stroke that five minutes' looking at a good 
oarsman rowing, is worth more than any number of words ; in 
fact, no words really convey -what is wanted. A "coach ' may 
tell his pupil to "hit" the water, to "smite" it, etc., M-hich 
may convey to the mind of a man who knows how to row what 
is required, but which can never impart the idea to a tyro. 
Catching the beginninij properly, like swingmg, must come from 



12 ROWING. 

inspiration. It will, however, assist a crew immensely if the 
coach will get into the boat and row a itw short spins at a slow 
stroke, employing all his power at the beginning and making 
the crew follow his example, but he must be a strong man, as he 
will have the whole weight to lift at the commencement of the 
stroke. 

Having thus learned to catch the beginning of the stroke with 
his body only, the rower should finish it with his arms and 
shoulders, taking care to send his elbows close past his sides, 
and to drop his shoulders well down and back, keeping his head 
up and his chest out (See Figures 5 and 6). In the next place, 
the whole strength of his arms and shoulders should be put into 
the finish of the stroke. This may seem to be recommending 
the fault of rowing the stroke out to the end, but it is really 
not so. This fault arises either from the beginning of the 
stroke having been shirked, from not using the full force of 
the body, or from not bending the arms soon enough. If this 
happens, the body has to be kept waiting until the arms come 
up to it, and hence an unseemly jerk. It is very difficult to 
determine the exact period at which the arms are to be brought 
into play, but it ought to be done about the time that the body 
is perpendicular. Thus the full weight and strength of the 
rower would be applied, and the oar will be dashed through 
the water in the way that marks a good oarsman. 

The oar should be brought straight home to the chest, the 
root of the thumbs touching the body about an inch or less 
below the button of the breast bone where the ribs branch off. 
Thus every inch of water is made use of. When there, the 
hands should be dropped straight down and then be turned over 
and' shot out again close to the legs, and the body .should follow 
without the least pause (See Figures 7 and 8). If this be not 
done the oar Avill be feathered under water, and the boat buried ; 
water will be thrown onto the next oar and the recovery impeded. 
In effecting the recovery, the slide is an important agent ; but be- 
fore the forward sliding movement takes place, the body should be 
swung evenly forward from the hips, not with a jerk or plunge, 



Rowing. 



13 




Fig. 5. FINISH WITH BICEPS (WRONG). 




Fig. 6. FINISH WITH SHOULDERS (RIGHT), 



14 ROWING. 

or quicker at one time than another, but freely and easily, as if 
the hip joint worked well and not stiffly. Much benefit may be 
derived from watching two or three of the best oarsmen that can 
be found, observing them carefully, forming an ideal model, 
and then endeavoring to copy it. 

Two or three points should particularly be borne in mind : 
First, that when the hands are raised at the commencement of 
the stroke, and the oar, ipso facto, struck down below the sur- 
face, the whole of the power should be brought to bear at the 
moment of the oar's contact with the water, so as to create the 
greatest effect in the first or vital part of the stroke one of the 
most important and too frequently broken laws of rowing ; 
secondly, that the pull home to the chest should be in a per- 
fectly straight line, thus causing a horizontal stroke through the 
water, which is another law frequently disregarded ; thirdly, 
that the finish of the stroke should be as quiet and easy as it is 
possible to make it, but without lessening the force applied, 
which naturally diminishes, because at the first part of the 
stroke before the rowlock, the oar is at an acute angle to the 
boat, and after that at an obtuse angle. Here it is that one so 
often sees the stroke wind up with a jerk, as if to make some 
use of the little strength remaining in the human frame, the oar 
flirted out of the water, the elbows dug sharply back in an awk- 
ward and ungainly manner, and the body harshly and suddenly 
jolted forward. 

Next in importance are the movements described by the oar 
itself, starting from a state of rest, i. c, feathered and at right 
angles to the keel of the boat. 

When the forward reach is taken, the blade of the oar should 
travel backwards in the air, horizontally, at the distance of a 
few inches from the surface of the water — of course, depending 
upon the state of the surface, whether smooth or rough — until 
dipped for the stroke. As regards this dip, it is imperative that 
the blade descend to the proper depth before any force is 
applied, otherwise the htroke will be cut. To effect this the 
hands must bo raised sharply, an4 tliQ stroke ?nust ]3e iristanta- 



ROWING. 



15 




no. 7. HANDS TURNED BEFORE DROPPED (WRONG). 



l6 ROWIXG. 

neously comilienced. In a word, the oar must be put into the 
water with energy-^not suffered to drop in of its own weight. 
When on the feather the oar, after passing the knees, should be 
gradually turned before immersion, the feather concluding and 
the stroke beginning at once, with no interval whatever. Hence 
it will be perceived that, the line described by the end of the 
blade, about which, there are numerous theories and a variety of 
opinions, will be nearly parallel with the water until entering 
it, when it will immediately be dipped with a. powerful SCOOp. 

The entry of the oar into the water cannot be too sudden or 
too decided, so that it be not a chop and a splash ; and for this 
purpose the muscle.-, of the arms should be gathering themselves 
together as the hands reach forward. It is a well-known and 
indisputable law that the greatest power can be applied in the 
first half of the stroke, that is to say, before the oar comes level 
with or abreast of the rowlock, and that the further aft it goes 
subsequently to passing that point, the more the power decreases. 
Such being the case, it is only an act of common sense to 
endeavor to do as much work as possible, when it will tell most, 
and when it contributes to lift a boat lightly along the top of 
the water. On the other hand, if the application of the strength 
is deferred until the last part of the stroke, it is brought to bear 
when it is of least service ; a great and useless expenditure of 
power ensues, and the boat, instead of being assisted over the 
water, is driven down and buried in it, her way being therefore 
checked. The same result ensues from men letting their weight 
rest on the seat, and then giving a wrench and feathering under 
water, instead of letting the weight rest on the stretcher and 
handle of the oar — in a word, from rowing with the arms rather 
than with the body, instead of using both. 

We now come to the position in which the blade is immersed, 
and I would observe that this is a most important point. It is 
said that the blade should descend at right-angles to the water. 
In this opinion I cannot altogether coincide, although even such 
a position is far superior to an entry with the back of the blade 
forming an acute angle with the water, and the front of the 



ROWINd 



i1 




Fig. 8. HANDS DROPPED BEFORE TURNED (RIGHT). 



1:8 ROWING. 

blade an obtuse one. In either of these cases, however, there 
is something wrong with the thowl rowed against with the side 
of the loom which bears against the thowl, or with that on which 
the oar rests when traversing the water. The proper position is 
for the front or hollow of the blade to be looking slightly down- 
wards upon ( not along ) the surface; its entry is consequently 
less than a right-angle. This enables the oar to take full and 
square hold of the water at once ; it preventsit running down too 
deep, and, if firmly and scientifically manipulated, it obviates 
splashing. At the same time the oar ought not to be turned 
over too much, as otherwise it will not enter the water easily 
and will be apt to twist in the hand, besides straining the wrist ; 
Init no effort should be made whatever to force it over. The 
depth to which the oar descends through the medium of this 
peculiar catch, is to the shoulder or upper end of the blade. In 
this position it must continue until lic hands are up to the chest 
— not stopping at a distance of a foot from it — when the stroke 
is concluded, and the feather commences. In the traverse 
through the water the blade of the oar should be barely covered, 
and no more — this is an accepted rule — and. with the extraor- 
dinary light boats used at the present day, strict attention to 
this principle must be paid When bringing the stroke to an 
end, the blade of the oar by a sudden movement — caused by 
dropping the hands and turning the wrists — is feathered or 
brought into plane with the surface of the water, from being 
previously at right-angles to it. This action should take place 
at the moment when the oar leaves the water, and the lower end 
of the blade, by being suddenly turned cleanly aft as the loom 
rotates in the rowlock, throws the water astern in a little eddy- 
ing whirlpool, and the whole business of the stroke is com- 
pleted. The appearance of this whirlpool should be carefully 
studied, as it is a pretty good criterion of how a man is rowing ; 
.and if a coach happens to be pulling himself, as is occasionally 
the case, it is one of the only guides he has in judging how his 
pupils are rowing behind him. It is almost impossible to 
describe the look it ought to wear, but plenty of small air-bubbles 



ROWING. t<5 

should keep rising, as in a soda-water bottle, long after the 
swirl has left the oar ; the smaller eddies should be deep and 
well marked. Very light rowing makes a splash that soon sub- 
sides and deep rowing shows no air-bubbles. 

The foregoing component parts of a stroke, and its succeeding 
feather, it must be admitted, are numerous, and to a certain 
extent apparently incompatible ; but yet they are so blended in 
the work done by an expert oarsman as to seem but one action. 
Each, however, is fully and correctly performed, and the sum 
of these separated actions is consequently also perfect. 

At the risk of appearing prolix, I will briefly recapitulate the 
main points to be recollected. They are as follows : First, a 
full, fair reach-out over the toes, with both arms perfectly 
straight ; secondly, a square hold of the water at the dip of the 
oar, with an application of the whole power at the moment of 
immersion ; thirdly, a firm stroke of medium depth, pulled 
straight through the water, without wavering and without vibra- 
tion, yet always kept long and duly light ; fourthly, a graceful, 
easy finish, with a clear turn of the water off the after-edge of 
the blade — the feather being light, moderately low, and rapid — • 
and an instantaneous movement when the oar completes the 
feather, and descends under the water. 

Besides pulling, which, as before stated, does not constitute 
the whole science of rowing, there are various manoeuvres of 
which a knowledge is necessary ; these are paddling, easing, 
holding water and hacking. 

Paddling is simply a milder form of rowing hard, of which 
the opposite extreme is spurting. The difference consists 
merely in the strength applied, and consequently in the number 
of strokes taken to the minute. It is, without question, the 
form most suitable for discovering and correcting faults, and it 
is, therefore, peculiarly valuable for the purpose of coaching 
crews which have races to row, especially over long distances. 

Easing signifies cither a reduction in speed from rowing hard 
to paddling, or else ceasing to row altogether. More commonly, 
however, it denotes a cessation of rowing, the command oi 



^ ROWING. 

'Easy All " being generally understood to mean " Leave off 
Pulling." Should it he desired merely to reduce the speed, the 
usual term applied is "Row Easy All." Herein consists the 
difference between this order and that of '^ Easy All," which 
should be given before the conclusion, or. more correctly speak- 
ing, immediately after the commencement of a stroke. 

Holding water is the act of stopping a boat suddenly, and is 
accomplished by partially reversing the oar and running it down 
under the water, so as to check her way ; but the oar should ^be 
held when deeply immersed, with the blade nearly in the sr,^e 
position as on the feather, but under instead of above the wat^*- 
certainly not at right-angles to it. By a simple twist of \ ' 
handle from or to the body, the blade can be raised or lowerV 
according as it is found necesary to slacken or increase t* 
power exerted to check the boat ; that is to say, by simply turn 
ing the blade with its upper edge downwards, towards the nose\ 
of the boat, the oar sinks, and by depressing the after or lower 
edge, it immediately rises to the surface of the water. 

Backing is exactly opposite of rowing, and is accomplished 
by reversing the oar, as in the last-mentioned manoeuvre, and 
pushing instead of pulling the handle. The same principles 
which apply to rowing apply here also, for the blade should 
never be sunk too deep, but the back stroke through the water 
should be long and light, and the oar should be feathered, 
and carried on the feather exactly, as when pulling in the 
ordinary manner. The action is commenced with the body well 
back, and is finished but little beyond the knees ; here, again, 
the first being the vital part of the stroke. 

Rowing and backing a boat round should, however, be done 
as gently a>^ possible, for nothing screws an out-rigger so much 
as the application of force under these circumstances. If this 
is attended to, a boat will last twice as long as she otherwise 
would. 

The celerity with which these various movements can be per- 
formed, must be acquired by practice, and a rapid change from 
<mc to the other can only be skillfully executed after much ex- 



ROWlNd. 2r 

perlence. Theory is all very well as a guide but actual practice 
and manipulation are the only things cai)al)le of rendering a 
man thoroughly conversant with these technicalities. 

When about to disembark, the oar should be unshipped, and 
lifted out before leaving the boat. 



HOW TO SCULL. 

c^. dling, as already mentioned, is usually performed by one 

pcibon who sits in the centre of the boat and uses a pair of short 

s, technically called "sculls," one in each hand. Double 

illing has recently come more or less into fashion and is per- 
-rmed by two persons instead of one. 

In holding the scuils it is a mere matter of fancy whether the 
right hand or the left is uppermost, the sculls overlapping more 
or less. Some prefer one hand and some the other, but which- 
ever plan seems easiest and most natural, should be followed. 
The great points to be borne in mind are, to sit upright, to 
reach out well over the toes, dropping the body between the 
knees, which should open out as the arms stretch forward ; to get 
firm hold of the water at the moment of contact, as explained in 
connection with ihe oar, and to lift the boat over the water with 
the first part of the stroke. The power applied will of itself 
gradually diminish as the stroke is brought to an end, but the 
"seaman's dig" and jerk should above all things be avoided, as 
no boat is so susceptible of downward pressure as a thin, frail, 
sculling outrigger. The elbows should be kept close to the 
flanks ; the body should not fall back too far. the blades of the 
sculls should clear the water when on the feather, and the pick- 
up of the body in the recovery should be rapid. In a word, the 
main principles to be attended to are the same as in rowing an 
oar. A sculling boat may be stopped almost dead — in less time 
than it takes to relate it — by running the sculls down under the 
water in the same manner as the oar. and backing water is pre- 
cisely similar, only with two sculls instead of one. To turn, one 
scull is backed and the other pulled. The sculls when not in 



22 ROWING. 

use. should invariably be flat on tl^e water to preserve the equi- 
librium of the boat. 

The great art is to pull equally and evenly with both hands, 
in order to balance the boat and maintain a straight course, for 
there being no coxswain, the sculler has to do his own steering. 
This he accomplishes, partly by keeping the stern of his boat 
pointed straight at some fixed object astern, and partly by turn- 
ing his head, not his shoulders or body, round to the right or 
left to enable him to cast his right or left eye, as the case may 
be, as far along the water in front as possible. At best it is a 
difficult matter to keep a straight course, and to do it well can 
only be acquired by long ])raclice. In a race where men are 
always more or less under the influence of excitement, the diffi- 
culty of steering is even more apparent, and it frequently con- 
tributes to defeat, as incompetence in this respect on the part of 
a competitor can never be altogether counterbalanced by the 
verbal directions of pilot afloat or ashore. As to the rate of 
stroke, he is no mean sculler who can pull thirty-five or thirty- 
six thorough strokes in a minute, and in rough water this rate 
will be somewhat lessened, for the longer the stroke and the 
higher the feather, so as to clear the surf the better. 



SELECTION OF CREWS. 

The preliminary step in making up a crew for a race is to 
select the men who are to compose it, and in this particular the 
most consummate judgment and knowledge are all in all, for 
everything depends upon the person whose duty it becomes to 
choose no less than to coach them. 

As far as physical conformation goes in making choice of a 
crew, tall men are preferred to short, well built to thin, and 
heavy men to light, especially for an eight-oar. The limits of 
weight, which should not be passed without very strong grounds, 
may be set at 140 pounds for a minimum, and 175 pounds as a 
maximum, that is, in condition. The best men will be found to 
average x6o pounds, although there have been many good ama- 



ROWING. ^3 

teurs, and among them some of the very best, little if at all 
exceeding 145 pounds. I am now alluding to an eight-oared 
crew, more especially if engaged in a race over a long distance. 
For a four the men and the limits may be much less ; but for a 
pair it is almost a matter of chance what weights come together, 
though where there is the power of selection, light, quick, active 
men are to be preferred. No man of 145 pounds should be ad- 
mitted into an eight if it can by any possibility be avoided with- 
out causing detriment to the crew ; but it is far better to have 
a light man who can row than a heavy one \vho cannot, and who 
is so much dead weight to transport. Long bony arms, good 
back and .shoulders, strong legs, and above all things a powerful, 
muscular loin (generally accompanied by extreme width at the 
hips), are desirable qualifications. Yet it is possible to have too 
much muscle, especially about the arms and legs. Other things 
being equal, care should be taken to have all the crew as nearly 
alike in height, weight and build as possible, since the more 
closely they approximate in these respects, the more nearly alike 
will they row, and the nearer to the same standard can they all 
be trained. Their lungs should be healthy and of good size. 
No man with a flat, narrow or otherwise defective chest should 
be put into a crew. The wind should be good, free from 
wheezing or cough, the heart healthy, free from palpitation, not 
easily excited ; but these things can often only be found out 
after a time. 

It frequently happens that the oarsmen put up for selection 
are ready made, and do not require much, or in fact any instruc- 
tion in rudiments ; but that they nevertheless, from the differ- 
ent nurseries in which they have been taught to row, want more 
or less rounding off and polishing, so as to get them into uni- 
formity. The stroke must be first decided upon, and more dis- 
cretion must be exercised in his appointment than in that of all 
the other men put together. Scores of men are able to follow 
time or stroke with the greatest exactitude, who have no idea 
whatever of setting it. They are none the less valuable in their 
proper places ; but an accomplished stroke who possesses first- 



24 kowt.vci. 

rate form, great pluck, a good head on his shouhlers, and whrt 
can maintain the same numl)er of equally well rowed strokes, 
whether rapid, medium or slow, and who when pressed can 
raise a spurt without hurrying his men or throwing them into 
disorder, such a man is a [)earl of inestimable price. Some men, 
on the other hand, are so uncertain and so frequently shift 
iheir time and stroke that no crew can keep together and row 
steadily behind them. A well-tried man is also indispensable 
at No. 7, to take up the stroke duly. The remainder of the 
crew must be picked after repeated trials, and after being moved 
backwards and forwards from one position to another on the 
eight. It is impossible to write down the exact difference which 
renders one man more eligible than another ; this must be left 
to the knowledge and discretion of the coach, but if two men 
are pretty much alike in every respect, preference should be 
given to him who does his work in the easiest and most com- 
manding manner. 

In allotting to the men their respective places in the boat, 
it will be essential to be guided chiefly, but not entirely, by their 
weight. The heaviest men should be located near the centre, 
at Numbers 3, 4. 5 and 6 — especially at 4 and 5. The after 
part of the boat should be fairly weighted with the fore part, to 
enable her to ride evenly, otherwise the bow will be depressed, 
and; in boating phraseology, she will "be by the head," or else 
lier stern will drag, ancl her way be checked ; and it is well to 
remember that the coxswain adds to the weight in the stern of 
the boat, and that the fact of shifting his seat a little l)ackwards 
or forwards will cause a difference. 

It now becomes necessary to say a few words upon the rules to 
be observed by the oarsmen themselves. They must do their 
work willingly and with a good grace, paying marked attention 
to the advice given them by their coach and giving it a careful 
consideration on proceeding to put it into practice. Each man, 
when pulling, should fix his eyes On the back of the man in front 
of him, in order to keep time accurately. Now, there are two 
kinds of time, viz., the time of the oars and the time of the 



^ ''"^ ROWING. 25 

bodies. The first may be acquired by watching the after oar, 
but in order to get the second, everyone must study the man in 
front of him, and try to perform each individual action and 
motion at the same instant. Time consists in an immense num- 
ber of movements taking place precisely at the same moment, 
and can only be brought about by fixing the attention on one 
particular person and by performing each action contempora- 
neously. This is the reason why No. 7 is such an important 
place in an eight-oar. A conscientious attention to his work is 
required of every man ' and when told of a fault by his coach, 
and ordered to remedy it, the point should be retained in mind 
and be acted \i\) to Unless this is done there is every proba- 
bility of a recurrence of the error after a brief interval. The 
advice I once heard a well-known amateur, who was coaching 
an eight, give to an oarsman who persisted in his fault — more, 
perhaps, from carelessness than obstinacy — was much to the 
point. After repeated expostulations and explanation, he at 
last said : " Think of it, sir ! think of it ; and bring your mind 
to bear as you row each stroke." This is exactly what every 
handler of an oar ought to do. 

During the earlier period of training the work which the 
crew will be called upon to undergo will be long, steady pulling 
over long journeys, say from eight to fifteen miles. The rate of 
stroke, which should not be exceeded, varies from twenty-eight 
to thirty-two to the minute, and this will be found quite quick 
enough if every stroke is begun at the proper time and fairly 
rowed out. The same pace should be maintained tliroughout 
each day's practice, without quickening or slackening at all. 
T*o be well together, every oar must enter and leave the water 
at -the same moment, each stroke being rowed through equally 
by all. Every back must rise, swing and fall at the same 
instant ; all the oars must catch the water at one and the same 
time ; they must all be rowed through the water at the same 
depth, all be feathered and carried on the feather to each suc- 
ceeding stroke so simultaneously as to appear but as one pair of 
pars, or even as a pair of sculls , and if they all get hold of the 



26 ROWING. 

water fairly at once, the peculiar noise appertaining to this 
catcli, which is like the sound produced by a stone falling per- 
pendicularly into the water after being thrown up into the air 

a rotten egg. as it is called — will be distinctly audible some 
distance off, and the rattle of the oars in their rowlocks, and the 
rush of the water aft off their Idades. will each be blended into 
one. 

The ci)aching of a four, a somewhat more delicate machine, 
and therefore requiring greater nicety — will be much the same 
as already described ; but it frequently, though by no means 
necessarily, happens that a four is made up of a portion of an 
eight-oared crew in training for races at one and the same 
regatta, and requires nothing more than practice. And now 
that they row without coxswains, the oarsman who steers by 
his feet, and is generally in the fore part of the boat, is usually 
the captain of the crew and gives orders. 

Pair-oared rowing is, perhaps, the perfection of the art, and 
is without doubt the most difficult mode of oarsmanship. The 
vagaries described by a couple of badly matched men in a pair- 
oar are as amusing as they are absurd ; this is chiefly owing to 
inability to steer and want of practice. In these boats, which 
carry no coxswain, two men row a pair of oars, as the term 
implies. The bowman is usually the respon.sible individual, 
as he not only steers by means of a mechanical apparatus con- 
nected with the rudder, but directs the stroke what to do ; and 
the duty of the stroke is to keep on rowing uniformly, but yet 
to pay the strictest attention to the orders of his bowman, . The 
latter, it is scarcely necessary to state, should be the more 
experienced oarsman, and he steers mainly by working the ruti- 
der with his feet, and sometimes, in a lesser degree, by easing 
or increasing the power he applies to his oar, as circumstances 
require, according to the course he is desirous of taking, looking 
over his shoulder as in sculling. A well-practised sculler, 
therefore, makes the best possible bowman in a pair. If he 
finds that he cannot get his boat's head around quickly enough, 
he can still teli the stroke to row easy — but not to stop rowing. 



as such a case of procedure Avonid most probably culminate in 
a capsize — and lay out himself accordingly. More practice is 
required in this branch of the sport than in any other — that is 
to say to perform well — but plenty of rowing together, coupled 
with watchfulness and attention on the part of the bowman, is 
all that is really wanted. Coaching, as with eights and fours, 
is seldom or never thought of. though occasionally needed. 
When training for a race, the daily spin should equal, or rather 
slightly exceed, the course to be gone over, but it will be pro- 
ductive of much benefit to take long, steady rows, and to wind 
up the practice with the spin in question. A pair should ease 
up one day before their race. The heaviest man should be 
placed aft, unless the boat is specially l)uilt for a heavy bow- 
man. 



TRAINING. 

The moral and physical man is connected closely and inti- 
mately, and if health, strength and longevity is to be secured, 
it is of absolute importance that while the mind is cultured and 
refined, an equal attention should be paid to the training and 
education of the creature. With the I)ody in health, the mus- 
cles in full and vigorous action, the mind is far better able to 
grapple with and overcome the more diJiicult ijroblems of intel- 
lectual philosophy. To those who never reflect, "to eat, drink 
and sleep," seem all that is necessary to prolong and sustain 
existence ; but man both thinks and acts. The brain, whence 
flow thought, reflection, mind, requires culture, and the human 
frame, the most perfect of all machines, with its muscles, bones 
and sinews, must be educated. The brain overtasked reacts 
upon the body, producing mal-assimulation, with its train of 
evils, indigestion, hypochondriasis, low spirits and impaired 
vital energy. The overtasked body, equally, though perhaps 
not so rapidly, pioduces the tame results. This being admit- 
tedly true in regard to the ordinary conditions of existence, is 
doubly so, affecting boat racing — a class of contest which taxes 



28 ii6\Vi.VfJ. 

ih^ power*^ find enduraiice of the human frame to the very 
utmost. It IS indispensable, therefore, that every man who 
takes part in the^e competitions should undergo a careful and 
graduaf process of preparation, to which the word •training" is 
ai)plied. By 'training"! mean the physical amelioration of 
the oarsman as ap[)lied to his scientific education — the improve- 
ment of the bodily powers — not the inculcation of the principles 
and correct form of rowing which has already been dealt 
with. 

Training, then, is the art of physical excellence by which a 
man is enai^led to meet extreme and exceptional demands upon 
his energies without permanent injury to his powers or sy>>lem. 
To acquire this excellence of condition extmplihed in increased 
strength and muscle, improved %\ind and accelerated speed, it 
is necessary to .^ubmit to the immediaie influence of all ilie 
agents whose ofihce is to promote bodily health and strength, in 
order that when the hour of trial comes, he may perform his 
allotted task of putting forth all his forces without flagging, 
without distress, and. indeed with comparative ease. On the 
other hand it has been urged that men fiave been injured and 
their lives shortened by the severe training they have been made 
to undergo, but whether it be true or untrue in regard to a time 
long past it is more than doubtful, if such is the case now. tiain- 
ing being far better understood than it was formerly, and being 
moreover, conducted on rational principles. 

The agents of health consist of exercise, diet, sleep, air, bath- 
ing and clothing. How these agents are to be employed so as 
to pro,duce the best results next claim attention 

First. Exercise of the whole frame is more conducive to 
health than that of particular limbs. It induces perspiration, 
and thereby removes noxious matters — consecpiently it aids in 
the purification of the body. It tends to proper destruction of 
the tissues, the removal of worn out and the hastening forward 
of fresh material for its replacement. Of all exercises. perha])s, 
none is more calculated to give general tone to the system than 
ihat of rowing , at the same time that the wish to excel, stimu- 



Rowme. ^ 

^ted by the prestige which accompanies such excellence, imparts 
vigor and strength to the mind. In doing this it attains three 
distinct results : it increases the size and power of the voluntary 
muscles employed ( it augments the functional capacity of the 
involuntary muscles, and it promoces the health and strength of 
the whole body by increasing respiration and quickening the 
general circulation. This being the nature and thtie the 
results ot exercise, it is imposed upon a man in training for a 
boat race in two forms . first, rowing ; second running or 
walking — in tne one case training for strength, in the other 
training for wind. >low rowing promotes the acquisition of 
muscular power by giving empioynitiit to the arms, the back. 
the loins, the hips and more than all to the legs. It promotes 
the acquisition of good wind particularly to spare men but it 
is advisable to have recourse to a certain amount of walking or 
running in ail cases , but more especially in dealing with men 
of full habit and fleshy. 

Secondly. Diet comes next in importance. Exercise creates 
a want which it is the place of food to supply. Now food may 
be roughly divided into two kinds . first that which is princi- 
pally applied to the formation of flesh or tissue ; secondly that 
which is applied to the production of heat. In cold countries 
or weather, fatty or heat producing food is requisite , but in hot 
climates, and in summer a diet mainly of a farinacious and 
liquiminous nature is found to be preferable, and the mode of 
life being, as a rule, less active than in cold climates, flesh-form- 
ing food IS not so necessary. Quantity is regulated by the 
appetite. The times for reflection are well known to be at 
intervals of from four to five hours. The precise hours are 
immaterial, as they must depend upon the occupation and the 
most suitable times for practice. Regulation is essential. Stated 
meals should be taken at stated times. Food should be eaten 
slowly and masticated well. Drink also should be taken slowly 
and not too often. As hunger is the warning voice of nature 
telling us that our bodies are in need of a fresh supply of food, 
so thirst is the same voice warning us that a fresh supply of 



5g Itpwi^'d- 

liquid is required. Thirst, then being like hunger a natural 
demand, may safely be gratified, and with water in preference 
to any other fluid. The prohibition often put upon the use of 
waier or fluids, in training may often be carried too far. To 
limit a man to a pint or two of liquid per day when his system 
IS throwing off three or four times that quantity through the 
medium of the ordinary secretions is as unreasonable as to keep 
him on half rations The general thirst experienced by the 
whole system consequent upon great bodily exertion or extreme 
external heat, has but one means of cure — drink is the simplest 
form attainable. 

Thirajy. Sleep is equally necessary to rest the body and to 
refresh the mind. The amount of time required for this pur- 
pose varies not only with individuals but with the same indi- 
vidual at different periods of time. It is influenced be various 
causes, by the action of the other agents of health, and espe- 
cially by exercise. The growing and immature frame requires a 
much longer time lor recuperation than is found necessary at a 
later period of life, when growth and development are virtually 
complete. In the lattej- case there is but one day's wear to 
restore whereas in the former there is a permanent and continu- 
ous demand for the body's enlargement and consolidation. 
Eight hours are customarily named as the standard amount of 
sleep required under ordinary circumstances by an adult in fair 
health, and although seven hours may sometimes be found 
ample, eight will be better. 

Fourthly. The importance of fresh air is generally understood 
and admitted, but is by no means so universally acted on. A 
man in training should have at all times pure air, and plenty of 
it , and if his throat and lungs are sound, he may sleep with his 
window partially open, but great care must be exercised in this 
respect in cold weather. Early rising is always to be com- 
mended, for nothing is so exhilarating as the sensation 
experienced in going out into the fresh, invigorating morning 
air. 

Fifthly. Bathing uiu.st be viewed as an agent of health in 



ROWING. 31 

two disthict aspects ; first in its capacity as a cleanser of the 
skin next as an agent of considerable tonic power. In the first 
ajspect It addresses the skin as the organ of perspiration only, 
with the view of removing all impediments to functional ability, 
and arousing it to greater activity ; in the second, as the organ 
of sensation, posses>>ed of great nervous sensibility and influence 
acting directly through it on the nervous and circulatory system. 
Witti this m view, a cold shower should be taken every morning 
immedialejy on rising, and may again be resorted to on return 
fiom practice 

Sixiniy. Clothing is another important agent ; for the evapo- 
ration of heat and moi.sture from the .surface of the body is 
impeded, not only by the number of garments worn, but by 
their size and shape, the closeness of their texture, and the 
nature of the material of which they are made , therefore, the 
lightest woolen or mixed wooicn. or cotton garments should be 
worn. They should consist of merino jerseys of a moderately 
thin texture ; one or two thick knitted woolen jerseys to wear 
over the thinner ones when practising in cold weather, or to be 
put on when getting out of the boat ; flannel caps^ woolen com- 
forters, flannel trousers and thin white shoes — which are per- 
haps best made of canvas and which can be pipe-clayed when 
dirty — worn over ordinary woolen socks. 

Breakfast should consist of broiled meat, such as mutton 
chops, sirloin steaks (if tender), or occasionally cold meat, tea, 
and bread, or toast and butter. To these may be added some 
cold chicken or hot grilled fowl — not too highly seasoned — an 
egg or two, if it agrees with the individual taking it, and apples 
and oranges. Brown bread is useful as well as white. The 
meat should be well cooked — just done to a turn, as it is com- 
monly called, not blue or half raw — but yet full of gravy or 
natural juices ; the bread, it is perhaps unnece.ssary to say, 
should invariably be stale. Twa cups of lea may be taken ; it 
should not be drunk hot or too strong. Sail and pepper may 
be used to make things tasty. For lunch, a slice or two of bread 
and butter and a glass of sherry , but for a man in strong work 



32^ ROWING. 

such food is insufficient. It will be better to take a slice of 
cold meat, or a chop and bread, together with half a pint of 
good, sound ale, or a little wine if used to it. 

Dinner is the most important meal in the day. Its chief 
foundations are beef and mutton, either in the form of roast 
sirloins and ribs of beef, or of roast legs, loins, haunches, or 
saddles of mutton, and mutton chops, with here and there a leg 
for the sake of variety. To these may be added roasted or 
boiled fowls, game, venison, etc. The use of lamb is good, but 
salted meats are forbidden, and veal and pork are better 
eschewed. It may appear strange, but the ancient Greek ath- 
letes were accustomed to live a great deal on pork, which seems 
to have been to them what beef and mutton are to us. A bit of 
fish may be given with advantage. Plenty of stale bread, as 
well as a due allowance of vegetables, is indispensable. The 
latter include potatoes, corn, young green — cauliflower, spinach, 
French beans. A pint of sound ale will be the proper quantity, 
though it may now and then be increased to a pint and a half in 
summer. A light pudding is also welcome ; it may be varied 
by an occasional dish of plain cooked fruit. The great thing is 
to give the men sufficient solid food ; but as the most vigorous 
appetite cannot be always enjoying simple meat and bread, it is 
proper to vary the dinner, day after day, with other dishes. 
Bread and butter may conclude the meal, but pulled bread, 
crisply baked, is far more palatable than the crumb of an ordi- 
dary loaf. After dinner a couple of glasses of claret, sherry, 
or port wine, may be given to each man, accompanied by some 
hard dry biscuit, and perhaps a jelly, or an orange or two. 

The tendency of men in training is to suffer periodical 
returns of weakness about every seven or ten days, principally 
because they are kept in too high condition and are worked too 
hard. A moderate amount of exercise, combined with a strictly 
regular life, ought to be sufficient to keep men in good health, 
and without turning them into beef and mutton-eating animals. 
If they look fat a week before the race, it ought to be a subject 
of congratulation, as the trainer can easily bring them down, 



ROWING. 33 

and has all the more chance of putting finish on them, because 
he can make them work more at critical periods — in short he 
has the crew better in hand. Again, on a long course, it is usu- 
ally strength, not the peifecticn of w'nd. that decides the race, 
for the stroke is slower than on a short one. so that it is better 
to be a little undertrained, with strength, than overtrained with 
wind. 

On the day of the match an ample meal of roast mutton, with 
biead. and a half pint of be«r. should be set before the men 
two or three hours previous to starting unless the race comes 
of! within a resonable time after any regular repast — say three 
hours If too long a period intervenes, and yet not sufi&cient 
for a full meal a crust of stale bread or a hard biscuit may be 
eaten, accompanied by a little pale brandy and cold water. The 
quantity maybe a wineglassfull. of one half brandy filled up with 
water. Some men cannot avoid becoming nervous — to a greater 
or less extent — as the eventful moment approaches, and I know 
of nothing that acts more suitable than the above. If the race 
is rowed in heats, with only a brief interval between them, a 
glass of port wine and morsel of dry biscuit, or a cup of tea 
without milk or sugar, but with a teaspoonful of brandy in it, 
will be beneficially partaken of. 

It is assumed that each individual has now been educated 
according to nature, common sense, and the correct principles of 
a trainer's art. When brought out to perform his long-expected 
task, his strength is gathered up, his fully developed muscles 
are as hard as iron, his wind is sound, his tread elastic, his 
speed great, his flesh firm, his skin fair and clear, his face hard 
and healthy, though perhaps fine-drawn, his eyes bright and 
sparkling like a diamond, and his spirits acompanied by a proper 
confidence in his ability to go anywhere and do anything of the 
very best. 

These are the essentials of perfect conditions, and of success. 



REGATTA RULES. 

Rule i. This Regatta shall be open to all amateur clubs which 
have been duly organized three months prior to the holding of 
the Regatta. Entries of individuals will not be received. 

2. No club shall be allowed to enter any person who has not 
been a member thereof for at least three months preceding the 
Regatta, or who has been entered in any race fiom any other 
club during that time, or ivhose residence during that period 
?s more than fifty miles from the club he represents ; except 
where there is no rowing club within fifty miles of an oars- 
man's residence, the fifty miles limit does not apply ; nor shall 
any entry be received from a club which shall include in its list 
of members any professional oarsman or athlete. 

3. The Regatta Committee shall appoint as Secretary any per 
son it may deem proper. 

Any Club intending to compete for any of the prizes must 
give due notice to the Secretary of the Regatta Committee on 
or before the day appointed for closing the entries. Entries 
shall close two weeks before the date of the Regatta. 

4. There shall be sent to the Secretary of the Regatta Com- 
mittee in all cases of entries for eights, a list of not more than 
twelve names : for fours, not more than six names ; for pair 
oars and double sculls, not more than four names ; and for 
single sculls, not more than one name, and from these the actual 
crews shall be selected. 

The name of the Captain or Secretary of each Club entering 
for any race shall be sent at the time of entrance to the Secretary 
of the Regatta Committee. 

A copy of the entrance list shall be forwarded by the Secre- 
tary to the Captain or Secretary of each Club so entered. 

5. No assumed names shall be given to the Secretary. 

6. No one shall be allowed to be entered twice for the same 
race. 



ROWIVG. 35 

7. The Secretary Jihall not be permitted to declare any •ntry, 
Hor to report the btate of the entrance Jist, until such list shall 
be closed. 

8. Objections to any entry shall be made in writing to the 
Secretary of the Regatta Committee within seven days from the 
declaration of the entries, when the said Committee shall inves- 
tigate the grounds of objection, if any, and decide thereon forth- 
with. 

9. The races at each Regatta shall consist of — 
Single-scull shells, senior. Four-oared shells, senior. 
Single-scull shells, junior Four-oared shells, junior. 
Pair-oared shells. Eight-oared shells, senior. 
Double-scull shells. Eight-oared shells, intermediate. 

Entrance money for each boat shall be paid to the Secretary 
at the time of entering, as follows 

Eight-oars, $20; four-oars, $15; pair-oars, $10; double- 
sculls, $10; single-sculls. $5. 

10. All races, with the exception of the eight-oared race, 
shall be one mile and a half, tcith one turn. The eight-oared 
race shall be one mile and a half straightaway. 

ir. A meeting of the Regatta Committee shall be held imme- 
diately preceding the Regatta, at which the representative of 
each crew or club entered shall deliver to the Secretary of the 
Regatta Committee a list containing the names of the actual 
crew appointed to contend in the ensuing races* to which list 
the names of two other members may be added either of whom 
may be substituted for one of the crew in the event of illness or 
accident, subject to Rule 12. 

iT. No member of a club shall be allowed to be substituted 
for another who has already r&wed in a heat ; nor shall any 
member of a club be allowed to row with more than one crew 
for the same prize. 

13. In the event of a dead heat taking place, the same crews 
shall contend again, after such interval as the Regatta Commit- 
tee may appoint ; any crew refusing shall be adjudged to have 
lost the heat. 



36 ROWING. 

14. In each class two or more entries shall he required to 
insure a race, and should withdrawals, after the entries are closed, 
reduce the number to one boat, the crew thereof must row over 
the course to be entitled to the prize. 

15. Heats and stations shall be drawn for by the Regatta 
Committee in the presence of such competitors, or their repre- 
sentatives as may attend, after due notice has been given of a 
meeting of the Committee for that purpose. 

16. The Regatta Committee shall choose an umpire, a judge 
at the turn, and a judge at the finish. 

17. The laws of boat racing adopted by this Association shall 
be observed at this Regatta, and its definition of an amateur 
oarsman shall govern the qualifications of each competitor. 

18. Entries for junior races shall be governed by the following 
definitions of juniors, adopted at the meeting of the Executive 
Committee, held April 26th. 1884, and as to junior coxswain 
adopted January 14th, 1893 : 

A junior sculler is one who has never pulled in a senior, nor 
won a junior scull race. 

A junior oarsman is one who has not pulled an oar in a senior 
race, or been a winning oarsman in a junior race. 

Competitions with members of his own club will not effect the 
standing as a junior of any oarsman or sculler. 

The qualifications of a junior oarsman or sculler shall relate 
to each time of his coming to the starting post, whether in a 
trial or a final heat. 

A junior coxsivain is one who has never, in a race, steered a 
senior crew, nor a winning junior crew. 

19. Definitions of intermediates. (Adopted at a meeting of 
the Executive Committee, held January 15th, 1894) : 

An intermediate sculler is one who has never been the win- 
ner of an intermediate or senior race. 

An intermediate oarsman Is one who has never been the 
Avinner of an intermediate or senior race. 

An intermediate coxswain is one who has never, in a race, 
steered a winning intermediate or a winning senior crew. 



ROWINC^. 37 

So. The prizes shall he delivered.-at the conclusion of the 
Regatta, to their respective winners, -who, in case of a challenge 
prize, shall furnish such bonds for the same as may be required 
by the Trustees. 

21. Any participant in the races shall have the right at any 
time previous to the awarding of the prizes to object to any 
club or person participating in, or being declared the winner of, 
any race where it may appear to the person making the objec- 
tion that such club or person has not entered such contest with 
the intention of participating therein in an honest manner, and 
making all reasonable efforts to be successful. The evidence 
shall be presented to the Regatta Committee, who, after hearing 
the accused, shall, by a majority vote, decide the objection. 
They shall have power to order the race rowed over, or to confer 
the prize on whomsoever, in their judgment, is entitled to it. 

22. All questions of eligibility-, qualification or interpretation 
of the rules, shall be refered to the Committee, and its decision 
^hall be final. 

23. The Committee shall have power to reject any entry. 

24. Only the winners of trial heats shall compete in the final 
heat ; except when in any trial heat of a Regatta a foul occurs, 
under such conditions and with such results that the laws of 
boat-racing, the exigencies of time and the circumstances of the 
Regatta do not afford full justice to any contestant, the umpire 
may permit such aggrieved competitor to start in a subsequent 
or in the final heat, as, in the judgment of the Regatta Commit- 
tee, is most convenient. 



NationaI o Ajjociation . of 

AnATE(JR o OARJMEN. 



OKP ICEJRS. 
HENRY WHITING GARFIELD, President, 

ALBANY, N. Y. 

CHARLES CATLIN. Vice-President, 

CHICAGO, ILL. 

HARVEY K. HINCHMAN, Treasurer. 

I9IO market ST., PHILADELPHIA, PA. 

FRED R. FORTMEYER, Secretary, 

p. O. BOX 740, NEW YORK CITY. 

bjxe^cutive; committbjej. 

George D. Phillips, N. Y. City— 1894. 

Conrad Berens, Philadelphia, Pa. — 18Q4. 

Fred D. Standish, Detroit, Mich. — 1894. 
R. H. Pelton, Brooklyn, N. Y.— 1894. 

Harvey D. Hinchman, Phila., Pa. — 1895. 
Theo. Van Raden, N. Y. City— 1895. 
Henry W. Garfield, Albany, N. Y. — 1895. 

Fred R. Fortmeyer, Newark, N. J.— 1895. 
Charles Catlin, Chicago, 111.— 1896. 

W. Stimpson, N. Cambridge, Mass. — 1896. 
Oscar P. Schmitt. Washington. — 1896. 

James R. Doyle, Boston, Mass. — 1896. 

ROLL OF' 3V1EMBE;RSM1P. 

Albany Rowing Club, Albany, N. Y. 

American Rowing Club, .... Philadelphia, Pa. 
Analostan Boat Club, .... Washington, D. C. 

Ariel Boat Club Baltimore, Ud 

Arlington Boat Club, ..... Arlington, Mass. 

Atalanta Boat Club New York City. 

Arthur KuU Rowing Association, , . . Elizabeth, N. J. 



ROWING. 



39 



Atlantic Boat Club 

Bachelors Barge Club, .... 
Bradford Boat Club, .... 

Catlin Boat Club, 

Chamonix Boat Club, .... 

Columbia Athletic Club, 

Columbia Boat Club, .... 

Crescent Athletic Club, , . . 

Crescent Boat Club, .... 

Crescent Boat Club, , . , . , 
Dauntless Rowing Club, .... 

Detroit Boat Club. . . . . . 

Earle (W, S.) Boat Club. 

Ecorse Boat Club, ..... 

Eureka Boat Club .... 

Fairmount Rowing Association, . 
Flushing Boat Club, .... 

Friendship Boat Club, .... 

Gramercy Boat Club, .... 

Gray's Ferry Boat Club, .... 

Harlem Rowing Club, .... 

Hartford Rowing and Athletic Club, 
Hudson Boat Club, .... 

Institute Boat Club, ..... 

lona Boat Club. ..... 

Island City Boating and Athletic Association, 
Kansas City Boat Club, 

Malta Boat Club, 

Manayunk Boat Club, . , . . . 
Metropolitan Rowing Club, 
Millstream Boat Club, . . . . . 
Minnesota Boat Club, .... 

Modoc Boat Club, 

Monmouth Boat Club, .... 

Montrose Boat Club 

MutuaL.Boat Club, . . . . . 



Hoboken, N. J. 
. Philadelphia. Pa. 
^Cambridge, Mass. 
Chicago, 111. 
Philadelphia, Pa. 
Washington, D. C. 
. Allegheny, Pa. 
Brooklyn, N. Y. 
. Boston, Mass. 
Philadelphia, Pa. 
New York City. 
Detroit, Mich. 
Troy, N. Y. 
Ecorse, Mich. 
. Newark, N. J. 
Philadelphia, Pa. 
. Flushing, N. Y. 
New York City. 
, N«w York City. 
Philadelphia. Pa. 
. New York City. 
Hartford. Conn. 
. New York City. 
Newark. N. J. 
Philadelphia, Pa. 
Galveston, Te.xas. 
Kansas City, Mo. 
Philadelphia, Pa. 
Philadelphia, Pa. 
New York City. 
Chelsea, Mass. 
St. Paul. Minn. 
St. Louis, Mo^ 
Red Bank, N. J.* 
Philadelphia, Pa. 
Albany. N. Y. 



4C3 



ROWING. 



Mutual Boat Club, 

Mutual, Jr., Rowing Club, 

Naragansett Boat Club, 

Nassau Boat Club, 

Neptune Boat Club, 

Neptune Boat Club, . 

Nereus Rowing Club, 

New York Athletic Club. 

Nonpareil Rowing Club, 

North End Rowing Club. 

Ogden Boat Club. 

Old Dominion Boat Ciub, 

Oneida Rowing Club, 

Overpeck Boat Club, 

Palisade Boat Club. 

Passaic Boat Club, . . . . 

Pawtucket Boating and Athletic Association 

Pennsylvania Boat Club. 

Philadelphia Barge Club. . 

Piermont Boating Association 

Portland Rowing Club, 

Portsmouth Amateur Athletic Association, 

Potomac Boat Club, 

Quaker City Barge Club, 

Ravenswood Boat Club, . 

Saratoga Athletic Association, 

Scranton Press Club, 

Seavvanhaka Boat Club, 

Staten Island Athletic Club, 

Star Rowing Club, 

St. John Rowing Club, . 

St. Joseph Boating Associatio 

Triton Boat Club^ , 

Undine Barge Club, 



Detroit. MicK. 

. Buffalo. N. Y. 

. Providence, R. I. 

New York City. 

, Baltimore, Md. 

Brooklyn, N. Y. 

. Flushing. N. Y. 

New York City. 

. New York City. 

St. Louis. Mo. 

Chicago, 111. 

Alexandria, Va. 

Burlington, N. J. 

Leonia. N. J. 

, Yonkers. N. Y. 

Newark. N. J. 

Pawtucket, R. I. 

Philadelphia, Pa. 

Philadelphia, Pa. 

Piermont. N. Y. 

Portland, Oregon. 

Portsmouth, Va. 

Washington, D. C. 

Philadelphia, Pa. 

Long Island City. N. Y. 

Saratoga, N. Y. 

Scranton, Pa. 

Brooklyn, N. Y. 

. Staten Island, N. Y. 

Buffalo, N. Y. 

New Orleans, La. 

St. Joseph, Mo. 

Newark, N. J. 

. Philadelphia, Pa. 



Union Boat Club, ...... Boston, Mass. 

Union Boat Club, . . . . New York City. 



liowlNdL 



4t 



University Barge Club, 
Valencia Boat Club, 
Varuna Boat Club. . 
Vesper, Boat Club, 
Vesper Boat Club, 
Wachusett Boat Club, . 
Waverly Boat Club, 
Western Rowing Club, 
West Philadelphia Boat Club, 
Williamette Rowing Club, . 
Wolverine Boat Club, 
Worcester Boat Club, . 
Wyandotte Boat Club, 
Wyanoke Boat Club, 



Philadelphia. Pa. 
Hoboken, N. J. 
Brooklyn, N. Y. 
Lowell, Mass. 
Philadelphia, Pa. 
Worcester, Mass. 
New York City. 
St. Louis, Mo. 
Philadelphia, Pa. 
Portland, Oregon. 
. Detroit, Mich- 
Worcester, Mass. 
Wyandotte, Mich. 
New York City. 



BEST ON RECORD. 



Junior vSingle Sculls. 
1883— Newark, N. J. J. Kilion, Bradford Boat Club. 9 28^/^ 

Senior Single Sculls. 
1883— Newark, N. J. Jos. Laing, Grand Trunk B.C.. 8 44 

Double Scui.l.s. 
1883— Newark, N. J. O'Connell & Buckley, Portland B.C. 8 16 

Pair Oars, 
1883— Newark, N. J. Bulger & Moseley, Mutual B.C., 8 54 

Junior Four Shells. 
1883— Newark. N. J. Alcyone Boat Club, . . 8 i6ij^ 

Senior Four Shells. 
1877 — Detroit, Mich. Emerald Boat Club, . . 7 50 

Intermediate Eight Shells. 
1893 — Detroit, Mich. Dauntless Rowing Club, . 7 39 

Senior Eight Shells. 
1889 — Pullman, 111. Atalanta Boat Club, . , , 7 41 



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USED THE 

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Manufactured by A. J. REACH CO., 
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In his Fight with niTCHELL 'ii\ir2%^,rii'iT 



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NO GOODS SOLD AT RETAIL where Dealers 

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N,EW YORK. CHICAGO. 



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ILLUSTRATED CATALOGUE SENT FREE TO ANY ADDRESS. 



Wrigbt &- Ditsop, 

344 WASHINGTON STREET, BOSTOIN. MASS. 

AGENTS FOR 

ST. LAWRENCE RIVER SKIFF, CANOE AND 
STEAil LAUNCH COMPANY. 



SPALDING'S ATHLETIC LIBRARY. 

Published Monthly. Each Number Complete. 
Devoted to all kinds of Sports. 

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No. 2. INDIAN CLUBS AND DUMB BELLS. By j. H. Docoh- 

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No. 3. BOWLING. By A. E. Vogell. Containing instructions How to 

Bowl, How to Score, How to Handicap. 
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No. 7. BASE BALL. By Walter Camp. Specially adapted for colleges 

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No. 8. GOLF. Bv J. Stuart Balfour. Containing List of Implements 

and their uses, Glossary of Technical Terms and Latest Revised Rules of 

the Game. 
No. 9. ATHLETES' GUIDE. Articles on Training, by H. 8. Cornish ; 

How to Train for Distance Running, by T. P. Conneff ; Sprinting, by 

Harry Jewell ; Throwing Weights, by James Mitchel ; Walking, by 

S. Liebgold ; Jumping, Hurdling, Pole Vaulting, by A. A. Jordan ; 

and Rules ' r the Government of Athletic Games. 
No. 10. CROQUET. Official Rules of the Game as adopted by the 

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No. 11.^ SPALDING'S OFFICIAL FOOT BALL GUIDE AND 

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adopted by the American Intercollegiate Association. 

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No. 14. CURLING, HOCKEY AND POLO. Rules governing each 

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No. ISA. INDOOR BASE BALL GUIDE. Complete Illustrations for 

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We are prepared to quote Boat Clubs on all sizes 
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